Caster Semenya: Questionable Gender
by Denise

Every morning for the last two weeks I've checked for updates about middle-distance runner Caster Semenya. This afternoon, there is an update. News reports all over the world are calling Caster Semenya a hermaphrodite.


(Hermaphrodite is an inaccurate and disrespectful label. From this point on, I will use the word only to point out the way the media is portraying Caster Semenya and not because I support its use in relation to Caster Semenya or any other human being.)

Before we dig into what the update means for Caster the woman and Caster the track star, let's review the basics.

Caster Semenya is an 18-year-old middle distance runner from South Africa. She won the 800-meter gold medal at the 2009 World Championships. (Go Caster!)

She wasn't able to bask for long in the glow of that win. Shortly after the event, her gender was questioned by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), and she was forced to undergo tests to determine whether she was a woman.

Today's news does not include a statement from Caster Semenya or from anyone with the authority to speak on her behalf. The IAAF is also not going on the record at this time... possibly because Semenya has not seen the results of the tests yet.

'We cannot give an exact timing but probably within the next couple of weeks.'

However the Sydney Daily Telegraph claimed the results had been leaked by a source.

Referring to Semenya as a 'she', the paper said she has three times more testosterone than a normal female.

The gender-test results could see her stripped of the gold medal she won last month in Berlin, although the IAAF claimed the recovering the medal would prove difficult.

Semenya, said the paper, is unaware of the tests identifying her as a hermaphrodite.

That's right, it's very possible that 18-year-old Caster has not seen these medical reports.

Imagine this was your 18-year-old daughter. Imagine that she was born intersex. Imagine that there was nothing visible to indicate that she was anything other than your daughter. Imagine 18 years later discovering your daughter has no ovaries or uterus and she has high levels of testosterone which could be caused by any number of medical reasons. Imagine finding out all of these things... through the media. The media mislabeling your daughter as a hermaphrodite.

I won't speculate on Caster's specific medical make-up, but I think it's important to consider the medical issues that can cause a person to be born with no uterus or ovaries and high levels of testosterone. (And to learn more about the different types of intersex conditions human beings can be born with.)

Historically, when a newborn was born with ambiguous genitalia, the parents were often asked to make a choice and the child endured a series of painful "cosmetic" procedures. These days, there's a movement, mostly led by fetally androgenized females, to educate parents and discourage them from mutilating their precious bundle of joy until after puberty when gender is more set, and children can have a say in things.

According to the ISNA gender ambiguity affects about 1 in 1500-2000 live births.

Here’s what we do know: If you ask experts at medical centers how often a child is born so noticeably atypical in terms of genitalia that a specialist in sex differentiation is called in, the number comes out to about 1 in 1500 to 1 in 2000 births. But a lot more people than that are born with subtler forms of sex anatomy variations, some of which won’t show up until later in life.

What does all of this mean for Caster and her career in women's track and field? Will she be stripped of her medal? Will she be able to continue competing in the sport that she's worked so hard to excel in?

What does this mean for Caster the woman? Has she always felt comfortable in the female skin? Or has she felt like something wasn't right?

After a recent makeover for a magazine cover, Caster said this about the questions about her gender.

"I see it all as a joke, it doesn't upset me," she says. "God made me the way I am and I accept myself. I am who I am and I'm proud of myself."

I hope she holds onto that positive self-image. She's going to need it in the face of the media storm.

At Womanist Musings you'll see Caster on the cover of You magazine. Quite a difference. Does she really love it, as indicated by the cover?

Also of note from that blog post, a comment from Katherine:

It's also worth mentioning that many women who have chromosomes XXY compete as women, and this is entirely within the rules. It's also worth mentioning that transwomen also compete as women, and this is entirely within the rules as long as they are 2 years or more into hormone treatment (and thus no longer getting the physical advantage of male levels of hormones).

There are so many ways to live, so many ways to walk the gender path. Where does this leave Caster Semenya - the human being? She has choices to make, on her own time and in her own way. I just hope everyone remembers that she deserves the same rights and freedoms as any other person.

~~Denise
Flamingo House Happenings

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Comments

 

Infuriating

I don't even know where to begin, so I'll just focus on that stupid magazine cover.  "Can you believe that this is Caster Semenya?" it asks.  The implication of all the things that were wrong with her before they "prettied" her up makes me sick.  How insulting can something be? I know it gets worse, but just... gah!

Excellent, compassionate post.

Suzanne Reisman, Contributing Editor - Feminism & Gender
Campaign for Unshaved Snatch (CUSS) & Oth

 

I understand

When I was writing this, I started to go off on the magazine but I stopped myself because first I don't know how Caster felt about it and second the "pretty her up" issue is an entire post all on its own.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

If she hadn't been so unique...

If Caster hadn't been so unique...


I am wondering if they would have done the testing?


What a sad day not only for women who are satisfied with how they look and don't need a 'girly make-over,' but for female athletes. If you're too fast, too talented, too good--we're going to test your gender to make sure you're not packing (testosterone).


Denise, you hit the mark here. How sad that Caster is now on suicide watch--she deserved accolades, not discussions of her sexual organs.


 

 

its funny

But although I agree that its silly to prettify her for the magazine, as long as she is fine with it, I'm not that worried.  Who knows if she's fine with it though, there was probably a lot of presure on her to do it.  I think she looks stunning just the way she is.

If I may put a link here to a post I wrote about a very surreal experience I had with that magazine?  OK so one individual's reaction cannot stand for an entire country, but I found this quite unsettling::

Challenging my assumptions

And I must add to that that black albinos are fairly common here is South Africa.

 

I don't mind if Caster doesnt but...

I am uncomfortable with the text on the cover of the magazine. Its tone indicates we should be shocked by how great she looks.

I don't care how Semenya looks, as long as she's comfortable with it - and as long as we (and particularly the media) don't judge her for whichever choices she makes.

The girls in line at the check-out, I believe they take their lead from the tone of the magazine. The magazine wants us to be shocked by how great she looks... which leads us to believe she did not look great before... which leads us to believe she's a freak.  Very unsettling.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

i hate that this was handled this way

it IS possible to be a hermaphrodite and not know it. blurred lines between what is generally viewed as male and female are actually more common than people might think. in the 1996 olympics, when genetic gender testing was still routine, 8 females were found to have a Y chromosome BUT 7 of the 8 had no major testosterone in their system. they were found to have Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome. People with AIS have a Y chromosome but develop all the physical characteristics of a woman except for internal female sex organs. The result is a genetic defect wherein the body does not produce testosterone. Since testosterone helps build muscle and strength, a person with AIS competing as a female athlete would have no competitive advantage over 'normal" females.


 


www.shebecameabutterfly.net and www.msmodern.com and www.taking-back-control.com

 

Yes it is

It is possible to have some form of gender ambiguity or an intersex condition and not know it. It's also possible to have been born with such a condition, have parents who decided you were going to be X gender, and have parents who never told you.

My gut tells me Caster's parents did not get an intersex diagnosis when their daughter was born. My gut tells me that Caster's parents did not get an intersex diagnosis at any point leading up to the tests last month.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

Call me Cynical

or skeptical... or whatever....


But I am having difficulty believeing that all those 18 years, Semenya's parents, or friends, or neighbors, or even Semenya herself did not question if there was something different about her.


WE know when our hormones are not in sync - those hot flushes, those monthly periods when we are emotional for no other reason except it's that time of the month.


If Semenya turns out not to have ovaries, then it is possible she has not had a period at 18. Wouldn't that have raised questions?


I understand the sentimentality, and I understand the outrage at the press mishandling this information, and I understand the right to privacy. But Semenya and the South African govt chose to have her compete in a very public event. That is a trade off that comes with the territory.


At the same time, I question the South African government's unwillingness to come to terms with the possibility that they entered an athlete into a competition where their athlete may have had an unfair advantage, in a similar way that the use of steroids is enough ground to disqualify a male athlete. Granted, they may not have known or refused to acknowledge this possibility at the time of the competition. But now that this is playing out in worldwide media, I think the gracious and honorable way is to stand firm but have the flexibility to not insist against a possibility and have the willingness and humility to acknowledge an error.


It reminds me of the Emperor's New Clothes.

 

Elite athletes often do not menstruate

Amenorrhea is very very common in world class athletes because of their low body fat levels, particularly in runners.  It is known that elite women athletes often have to slow down their training and deliberately gain fat in order to menstruate and fall
pregnant.

It would not surprise me if up to half of all Olympic-class runners are not currently menstruating and that many of the younger runners may never have menstruated.This is despite the well documented fact (google on Drinkwater, 1994)  that exercise-induced amenorrhea is known to have short term complications of increased likelihood of stress fractures and long-term health complications with osteoporosis - there are some trainers/coaches who treat young girls in sports as if they are not truly serious about their training if they are menstruating.

The South African outrage against the speculations about Semenya was in response to generations of Western media images that present African women as freakishly unfeminine because they are not pale and dainty.  They were not wrong to react strongly against those aspersions being cast yet again against an African woman, even if in this case it appears that Semenya may indeed be genetically intersexed.  Plenty of other strong African women athletes have had similar slurs cast against them with no such evidence in their case.

 

 

High testosterone not necessarily advantage
for intersex women

At the same time, I question the South African government's
unwillingness to come to terms with the possibility that they entered
an athlete into a competition where their athlete may have had an
unfair advantage, in a similar way that the use of steroids is enough
ground to disqualify a male athlete.

Perhaps, unlike you, they are well-enough informed to realise that XY or XXY individuals with female genitals generally have Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome, meaning that their body does not respond to testosterone at all (otherwise they would have developed male genitals in utero). So all that testosterone allegedly sloshing around in her system would be giving an intersexed woman with AIS no benefit in terms of hormonal muscle bulking. Indeed, even if she were to take steroidal androgens, they would have no effect due to AIS.

AIS is not the only possibility to explain the alleged facts in the leaked reports, but in any case Intersex individuals competing against women have never once been demonstrated to have a significant physical advantage against their competitors due to their condition. Not once. Which is why the International Athletics Federation allows Intersex women to compete as women, in case you didn't know that either - most of the press certainly doesn't seem to know it.

 

 

Highly trained athlete

You are looking at Caster Semenya and her family through the lens of your own life and experiences.

As a highly trained athelet, she would not be expected to menstruate. She would be expected to look very much as she looks now - lean, muscular.

We also do not know our hormones are not in sync if we are 18 year old highly trained athletes who have always been this way. We tend to notice hormonal changes, not status quo. We don't notice something wrong if we've never experienced anything different.

There is also no evidence that she did have an unfair advantage as we do not know what type of health condition she has or how testosterone plays a role in that condition. And, I refuse to pash judgement on Semenya, her trainers or South Africa - if they did not know she was Intersex, then they did not willingly and knowingly enter an athelete who violated the rules of the game.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

It could be known without her knowing

It is also fully possible that her family did know but simply never told her. I am sure most of us have seen at least one talk show episode where a parent hid the birth gender from a child. If when she looked at her body she saw a woman then why would she question it? I am not sure what sort of support there is in South Africa for transgender people let alone those born with hermaphroditic issues.


Which, is all a side note on the fact that this has been horribly handled.  Even if she did know, why did she need to be exposed in such a manner? If I was an advocate for transgendered people I would be biting my lip to not be going crazy over the way she has been spoken about in the media. 

 

---

I am a Weekend Carnivore because you don't have to be a vegetarian to love vegetarian food.

 

Remember where she comes from

To everyone who says "She must have known"

This girl grew up in Limpopo.  A world very different from yours.  Have you been to any rural parts of South Africa?  Believe me when I say - things are different. People have a totally different take on reality. I'm not saying they are wrong, or even that they are ignorant.  Totally different, from their understanding of science, to their views on the human body.

(I hate saying "they" and "them" all the time, please bear with me as its difficult to have this conversation without doing that)

Her family and community are probably not informed about all these delicate shadings of gender.  You get Men, and you get Women.  In that community any divergence from the very traditional male and female roles (and bodies) would be a extremely big deal.  Even if Caster and her family understood that something was different about Caster, they would very likely not even have admitted it even to themselves. What would be the benefit? 

I agree with everybody who says that the South African authorities have mishandled this.  I just hope that Caster can come through this with her dignity and positive attitude in tact.  To give you some hope - this morning one of our more tabloidy newspapers had the huge headline "Still Our Golden Girl". 

 

 

You're right

I have a friend who was born intersex. Her parents chose to have her raised as a man. She did not know... not until it was almost too late.

I don't believe this is the case. I don't believe her family knew. I have no evidence of that, just a feeling.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

I feel better this morning...

Yesterday morning I did a quick scan of the media coverage and found most of the same types of articles I'd seen on Thursday night. This morning... The Guardian has changed it's headline and the way it speaks about gender ambiguity: Caster Semenya has one of the 46 types of 'intersex' conditions.

~Denise
BlogHer Community Manager


Flamingo House Happenings

 

Santhi's sad story -- AIS

The sad case of an Indian athlete who went through the same horror. She had AIS, I believe. Her medal was taken away. They came from similar backgrounds -- poor and rural.
She has stopped competing permanently and taken to coaching. But she wants Caster Semyana to fight for her rights.

 

Not atypical about female athletes...

(Wow, Tyf's comment is the first full-out spam comment I've ever seen on BlogHer. Is there a policy on deleting those?)

The gender, or genetic make up, of this super talented woman aside, this is not an uncommon way of trying to undermine women, female athletes and womens' athletics.

As a global society, it's very hard for people to see female athletes as "beautiful." They get constantly insulted as being "manly" or "ugly." It's heart-breaking that women can't define themselves, and find themselves, in sports without this sort of gossip.

The women in the WNBA put up with countless slurs, so do international track stars, tennis pros... Unless you play volley ball or are a gymnast, if you're in professional sports, you're "manly."

This feels like same ol same ol, ignoring the very real racial hatred still very much alive and well in South Africa. It just feels like another case of undermining a woman who has worked hard to prove herself.

Don't forget, ladies, you can't be successful unless you're a man! That explains everything! Of course she didn't win that race on her own hard work and merits, she's a cheater, and not really a "lady!"

Bastards.

My heart goes out to Ms Semenya, this should be a joyous time in her life, and I hate that the drama may take something away from that.