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danah boyd is a social scientist at Microsoft Research and a research associate at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet and Society. In h...
 
 
 
 

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The Unintended Consequences of Cyberbullying Rhetoric

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We all know that teen bullying - both online and offline - has devastating consequences. Jamey Rodemeyer's suicide is a tragedy. He was tormented for being gay. He knew he was being bullied and he regularly talked about the fact that he was being bullied. Online, he even wrote: "I always say how bullied I am, but no one listens. What do I have to do so people will listen to me?" The fact that he could admit that he was being tormented coupled with the fact that he asked for help and folks didn't help him should be a big wake-up call. We have a problem. And that problem is that most of us adults don't have the foggiest clue how to help youth address bullying.

It doesn't take a tragedy to know that we need to find a way to combat bullying. Countless regulators and educators are desperate to do something - anything - to put an end to the victimization. But in their desperation to find a solution, they often turn a blind's eye to both research and the voices of youth.

The canonical research definition of bullying was written by Olweus and it has three components:

  • Bullying is aggressive behavior that involves unwanted, negative actions.
  • Bullying involves a pattern of behavior repeated over time.
  • Bullying involves an imbalance of power or strength.

What Rodemeyer faced was clearly bullying, but a lot of the reciprocal relational aggression that teens experience online is not actually bullying. Still, in the public eye, these concepts are blurred and so when parents and teachers and regulators talk about wanting to stop bullying, they talk about wanting to stop all forms of relational aggression too. The problem is that many teens do not - and, for good reasons, cannot - identify a lot of what they experience as bullying. Thus, all of the new fangled programs to stop bullying are often missing the mark entirely. In a new paper that Alice Marwick and I co-authored - called "The Drama! Teen Conflict, Gossip, and Bullying in Networked Publics" - we analyzed the language of youth and realized that their use the language of "drama" serves many purposes, not the least of which is to distance themselves from the perpetrator / victim rhetoric of bullying in order to save face and maintain agency.

For most teenagers, the language of bullying does not resonate. When teachers come in and give anti-bullying messages, it has little effect on most teens. Why? Because most teens are not willing to recognize themselves as a victim or as an aggressor. To do so would require them to recognize themselves as disempowered or abusive. They aren't willing to go there. And when they are, they need support immediately. Yet, few teens have the support structures necessary to make their lives better. Rodemeyer is a case in point. Few schools have the resources to provide youth with the necessary psychological counseling to work through these issues. But if we want to help youth who are bullied, we need there to be infrastructure to help young people when they are willing to recognize themselves as victimized.

To complicate matters more, although school after school is scrambling to implement anti-bullying programs, no one is assessing the effectiveness of these programs. This is not to say that we don't need education - we do. But we need the interventions to be tested. And my educated hunch is that we need to be focusing more on positive frames that use the language of youth rather than focusing on the negative.

I want to change the frame of our conversation because we need to change the frame if we're going to help youth. I've spent the last seven years talking to youth about bullying and drama and it nearly killed me when I realized that all of the effort that adults are putting into anti-bullying campaigns are falling on deaf ears and doing little to actually address what youth are experiencing. Even hugely moving narratives like "It Gets Better" aren't enough when a teen can make a video for other teens and then kill himself because he's unable to make it better in his own community.

In an effort to ground the bullying conversation, Alice Marwick and I

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mistygg 5 pts

I understand bullying from my teenage years. I picked on someone one time and I truely regret it. I looked like a total idiot but I felt if I started at the beginning of the year not putting up with it everyone would leave me alone.

Well, as an adult , there are many chat rooms where I am bullied and questioned on my comments. It takes every dignity cell I have in my body to reply in a nice way to the bully. Oh and there are several. The next day I can forget about it but teenagers face their bullies daily. This has been going on for centuries. What has changed?

Liz Henry 8 pts

That was a great paper!

I especially liked this summary of the gender issues, which struck me as very true and very sad.

"Drama is a deeply gendered process. It is primarily girl’s work. It simultaneously perpetuates a value system in which traditionally feminine, interpersonal subjects are seen as trivial and unimportant, and frames information as valuable social capital. It re-inscribes a heteronormative high school existence where girls compete for male attention, while boys stand one step removed. And it replicates celebrity narratives marketed to young women where minor and mundane interpersonal conflict is exaggerated for effect."

Rita Arens 26 pts

I also feel bad for my daughter because she's not going to be able to leave conflict at school any more than I can leave my work at the office when I'm at home with the always-on Internet. This made me sad from your paper:

Rashna, 16, Chicago: There’s no removal from what happens at school.Cause it can always continue on Facebook, and you have access to that atyour home. Which previously was considered somewhere where you don’thave to deal with everything that’s going on in school.

I completely agree that minimizing all conflict -- especially conflict between girls -- as drama is potentially dangerous. Some teasing or name-calling is low-level and a kid with decent self-esteem or a strong friend network can shrug it off. High school is a time to learn to cope and accept that not everyone in the world will like you or agree with you, and sometimes for no reason at all other than your shoes or your skin color or your grades. However, if something is really crossing the line, it needs to be addressed. I remember high school and I remember not having the guts to call people out at all when they had crossed the line, but it didn't happen that often because things didn't escalate to that level that often -- of if they did, I didn't know about it. With everything so public now I'm sure they escalate a million times faster and kids are so on the spot they probably cross lines faster, too. It seems like a really bad idea to have social media before you're ready for it.

And finally, I saw a lot of adult behavior in your observations about attention and how we as a society use social media. It's all still very new, and I know my own behavior about what I will or won't post has changed. I've become a lot more private as the world has grown more social. I started questioning a lot of my behavior, why I was doing certain things, what I hoped to get out of it. I think I matured about social media when I started asking myself those hard questions, not that I'm perfect now, but I at least think about it now whereas before I just did stuff with abandon.

We won't be able to tell if the kids go through something similar or if they just grew up.

Rita Arens 26 pts

My comments were too long, so I'm chunking them up.

It really bothers me when female anger or conflict is "drama" and male anger is "fighting." Fighting is fighting, drama is drama, let's not make it so genderific. Gender roles get so entrenched in high school.

I feel lucky not to have had social media in high school. Conflicts do often sputter out if one or both parties agree to keep it between each other without letting it play out in front of an audience. In my day, the entire school would whisper about you, but at least they were whispering and not writing it on the Internet where people who don't even go to your school could read it.

Amplification of a conflict almost begs for a reaction, too -- things that might otherwise have been dropped must now be addressed because good grief, everyone is waiting for you to do so -- they are all now sucked into your conflict because it's public.

Rita Arens 26 pts

I read your paper with interest. I immediately pricked up at the mention of the word "drama," because as you said in your paper (which is well written and interesting and the language and sentence structure makes it easy to digest) it is impossible to take something called "drama" very seriously. The word itself implies the situation is frivolous or exaggerated. Much like "hysteria," it also seems to be thought of as something females do or have, which bugs me a lot. You underscored that later in the paper with this:

Drama is a way to encapsulate and define a host of feminine behaviors – includinggossiping, romance, and indirect aggression – as something boys do not engage in. Giventhat gender is a social construct (Kessler & McKenna, 1978), the hyper-conformist genderenvironment of high school is brought into being through such types of classification. Butdespite these seemingly solid boundaries, it is clear that many boys do involve themselvesin drama, at least as spectators and sometimes as participants. Labeling drama as “girlstuff” is a way for boys to distance themselves from behavior they see as feminine andsimultaneously diminish the concerns of their female classmates as unimportant.

Conversation from Facebook

BlogHer
BlogHer

Terri I'm so sorry. Really so very sorry. - Denise

Terri Patillo
Terri Patillo

My daughter's 14 year old friend, Ashley, committed suicide two days ago. Bullied to death. No one knew, until she pulled the trigger, that it had eaten away her soul.

Belenda Kay Kemp
Belenda Kay Kemp

I'm in agreement 100%! I've been bullied, watched my children bullied and you are absolutely right that adults just don't have a clue! We need to not only help out children but work with the adults (parents, teachers, administrators) to give them the tools and understanding they need to truly help with this. This is not just a problem of childhood but a pattern of behavior that often stems back for generations.